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If you lot've been exposed, are sick, or are caring for someone with COVID-xix

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If y'all've been exposed to someone with COVID-19 or begin to experience symptoms of the illness, yous may be asked to self-quarantine or self-isolate. What does that entail, and what can you do to fix yourself for an extended stay at abode? How shortly afterwards you're infected will you lot start to be contagious? And what can you do to prevent others in your household from getting sick?

Visit our Coronavirus Resources Middle for more data on coronavirus and COVID-19.

Jump to: Symptoms | Testing | Antibodies | Contagiousness | Long Term Effects

Symptoms of COVID-xix

What are the symptoms of COVID-nineteen?

Some people infected with the virus have no symptoms. When the virus does cause symptoms, common ones include fever, trunk ache, dry cough, fatigue, chills, headache, sore throat, loss of appetite, and loss of smell. In some people, COVID-19 causes more severe symptoms like high fever, astringent cough, and shortness of jiff, which oft indicates pneumonia.

People with COVID-nineteen can likewise experience neurological symptoms, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, or both. These may occur with or without respiratory symptoms.

For example, COVID-xix affects brain office in some people. Specific neurological symptoms seen in people with COVID-19 include loss of smell, inability to taste, musculus weakness, tingling or numbness in the hands and feet, dizziness, confusion, delirium, seizures, and stroke.

In addition, some people have gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, such every bit loss of appetite, nausea, airsickness, diarrhea, and abdominal hurting or discomfort associated with COVID-xix.

What should I exercise if I think I or my child may take a COVID-19 infection?

First, call your doctor or pediatrician for advice.

If you exercise not accept a doctor and yous are concerned that yous or your child may have COVID-19, contact your local board of wellness. They can direct you to the best identify for testing and treatment in your surface area. Over-the-counter tests may also be bachelor at your local pharmacy or grocery store.

If you lot practice exam positive and either have no symptoms or tin can recover at home, you will withal need to

isolate at home for five days
if yous accept no symptoms or your symptoms are improving after five days, y'all can discontinue isolation and leave your home
keep to wear a mask around others for five additional days.

If you accept a fever, continue to isolate at home until you lot no longer have a fever.

If y'all take a high or very low body temperature, shortness of breath, confusion, or feeling y'all might laissez passer out, you need to seek immediate medical evaluation. Call the urgent intendance centre or emergency department ahead of fourth dimension to let the staff know that you are coming, so they tin be prepared for your arrival.

How do I know if I have COVID-19, the flu, or just a cold?

At present that the Omicron variant of COVID-19 is the dominant strain, telling the difference is more challenging than ever. Even if y'all have been vaccinated and boosted, y'all can withal get symptoms, but they are probable to be mild to moderate in severity. For those not vaccinated, the take chances of severe symptoms that tin can exist life-threatening is still substantial.

At the current fourth dimension, people with "flulike" symptoms should assume they take COVID. If possible, arrange to get tested or do a dwelling test. If the test is positive, you should isolate at abode for five days. If you had a negative exam when symptoms started, it'southward still best to isolate at domicile for two to three more days, to monitor your symptoms and preclude spreading infection. (That'due south because there is a chance of imitation negatives with antigen tests, which means you can still accept COVID with a negative test.) Consider testing once more before going out. Once you lot are ready to go out home, go on to consistently wear a mask for at least five more than days.

COVID-19 Testing

I recently spent time with someone who tested positive for COVID-nineteen. I'm fully vaccinated and additional. Do I need to get tested?

According to the latest CDC guidelines, if you are vaccinated and boosted, or have gotten your initial vaccine series within the terminal six months (for Pfizer/BioNTech or Moderna) or the last ii months (for Johnson & Johnson), you should wear a mask effectually others for 10 days and take a COVID examination on day v, if possible. If you develop symptoms, get tested sooner and isolate at home.

If y'all are unvaccinated, had your terminal Pfizer or Moderna shot more than six months ago and accept not been boosted, or had your Johnson & Johnson show more than two months ago and have not been boosted, you should stay habitation for five days and habiliment a mask effectually others for an additional v days. If yous can't quarantine, wear a mask around others for 10 days. Go tested for COVID on day 5, if possible. If yous develop symptoms at whatever time, get tested and isolate at habitation.

What is the difference between a PCR test and an antigen test for COVID-19?

PCR tests and antigen tests are both diagnostic tests, which means that they can be used to determine whether you lot currently accept an active coronavirus infection. Yet, in that location are important differences between these two types of tests.

PCR tests detect the presence of the virus's genetic material using a technique called reverse transcriptase polymerase concatenation reaction, or RT-PCR. For this test, a sample may be nerveless through a nasal or pharynx swab, or a saliva sample may exist used. The sample is typically sent to a laboratory where coronavirus RNA (if present) is extracted from the sample and converted into Dna. The Deoxyribonucleic acid is then amplified, meaning that many copies of the viral Deoxyribonucleic acid are made, in order to produce a measurable consequence. The accuracy of whatsoever diagnostic test depends on many factors, including whether the sample was collected properly, when during the form of disease the testing was done, and whether the sample was maintained in appropriate conditions while it was shipped to the laboratory. Generally speaking, PCR tests are highly authentic.

Antigen tests detect specific proteins on the surface of the coronavirus. They are sometimes referred to as rapid diagnostic tests considering it tin have less than an hr to get the test results. Positive antigen test results are highly specific, significant that if y'all exam positive you are very probable to be infected. However, there is a higher chance of false negatives with antigen tests, which means that a negative result cannot definitively rule out an active infection. If yous have a negative result on an antigen test, your doctor may guild a PCR test or a second rapid antigen test to confirm the result.

It may be helpful to remember of a COVID antigen examination as you would retrieve of a rapid strep test or a rapid influenza exam. A positive effect for any of these tests is likely to be accurate, and allows diagnosis and treatment to brainstorm rapidly, while a negative result ofttimes results in further testing to ostend or overturn the initial consequence.

How reliable are the tests for COVID-19?

Ii types of diagnostic tests are currently available in the Usa. PCR tests detect viral RNA. Antigen tests, also called rapid diagnostic tests, detect specific proteins on the surface of the coronavirus. Antigen test results may come back in as little every bit fifteen to 45 minutes; you lot may await several days for PCR exam results.

The accuracy of any diagnostic exam depends on many factors, including whether the sample was collected properly. For PCR tests, which are typically analyzed in a laboratory, test results may be affected by the weather in which the test was shipped to the laboratory.

Results may besides exist afflicted by the timing of the examination. For example, if you are tested on the 24-hour interval you were infected, your test issue is almost guaranteed to come back negative, because there are non yet plenty viral particles in your nose or saliva to discover. The run a risk of getting a false negative test consequence decreases if y'all are tested a few days after you were infected, or a few days after you develop symptoms.

By and large speaking, if a test result comes back positive, it is well-nigh sure that the person is infected.

A negative test result is less definite. In that location is a higher chance of faux negatives with antigen tests, and early information suggests that antigen tests may exist even more likely to miss the Omicron variant. If y'all accept a negative outcome on an antigen test, your doctor may gild a PCR test or recommend a second rapid antigen test to confirm the result.

If you lot feel COVID-like symptoms and get a negative PCR test effect, at that place is no reason to repeat the test unless your symptoms go worse. If your symptoms do worsen, call your doctor or local or state healthcare department for guidance on further testing. You should also cocky-isolate at home. Wear a mask when interacting with members of your household. And practice physical distancing.

What is serologic (antibody) testing for COVID-19? What can information technology be used for?

A serologic test is a blood exam that looks for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 created by your immune organization in response to infection or vaccination.

Your body takes one to three weeks later on you lot have acquired the infection to develop antibodies to this virus. For this reason, serologic tests are not sensitive enough to accurately diagnose an active COVID-19 infection, even in people with symptoms.

Antibodies and Spreading COVID-xix

I've heard that the immune system produces dissimilar types of antibodies when a person is infected with the COVID-19 coronavirus. How practise they differ? Why is this important?

When a person gets or is vaccinated against a viral or bacterial infection, a healthy immune system makes antibodies against i or more than components of the virus or bacterium.

The COVID-nineteen coronavirus contains ribonucleic acid (RNA) surrounded by a protective layer, which has spike proteins on the outer surface that tin latch on to certain human cells. One time within the cells, the viral RNA starts to replicate and also turns on the production of proteins, both of which let the virus to infect more cells and spread throughout the torso, especially to the lungs.

While the immune system could potentially reply to different parts of the virus, information technology's the spike proteins that get the most attending. Immune cells recognize the fasten proteins equally a foreign substance and brainstorm producing antibodies in response.

There are two main categories of antibodies:

Bounden antibodies. These antibodies tin can demark to either the spike poly peptide or a different poly peptide known as the nucleocapsid protein. Binding antibodies tin can be detected with blood tests starting about one week later the initial infection. If antibodies are plant, it's extremely probable that the person has been infected with the COVID-19 coronavirus. The antibody level declines over time afterward an infection, sometimes to an undetectable level.

Binding antibodies help fight the infection, just they might non offering protection against getting reinfected in the hereafter. Information technology depends on whether they are also neutralizing antibodies.

Neutralizing antibodies. The body makes neutralizing antibodies that attack the coronavirus's spike protein, making it more than difficult for the virus to adhere to and enter human cells. Neutralizing antibodies provide more lasting protection than binding antibodies against reinfection.

Monoclonal antibodies are manmade versions of neutralizing antibodies. The FDA has authorized monoclonal antibiotic treatments for certain groups of COVID-xix patients.

Can a person who has been infected with coronavirus get infected again?

The allowed system responds to COVID-19 infection by stimulating white blood cells called lymphocytes to form antibodies that fight the infection. These antibodies and lymphocytes retain a temporary protective effect against reinfection. Just it is only temporary. At that place have been many confirmed cases of reinfection with COVID-nineteen. In other words, a person got sick with COVID-nineteen, recovered, and then became infected once more.

This has been specially true as the coronavirus has mutated into COVID-19 variants. At that place was a rise in reinfections with the Delta variant, and an explosive increase in the reinfection rate due to the Omicron variant. Omicron has near 50 mutations, including more than than 30 mutations on the spike poly peptide, the region of the virus that our immune systems recognize after previous infection. Because of this, Omicron is more capable than previous variants of evading our immune defenses and causing reinfection.

We have learned that vaccination plus a booster dose strengthens the natural immune response, fifty-fifty in those who have been previously infected, and farther reduces the hazard of reinfection. Although breakthrough infections subsequently vaccination are as well more common with Omicron than previous variants, vaccination continues to protect well against astringent disease.

The bottom line? Get vaccinated and boosted whether or not you lot've already had COVID-19.

Contagiousness of COVID-xix

How shortly after I'm infected with the new coronavirus will I start to be contagious?

The time from exposure to symptom onset (known every bit the incubation menstruation) is thought to exist ii to fourteen days. Symptoms typically appeared within five days for early variants, and within four days for the Delta variant. The incubation period appears to be fifty-fifty shorter – about iii days – for the Omicron variant.

We know that people tend to exist virtually infectious early in the course of their infection. With Omicron, most transmission occurs during the one to 2 days before onset of symptoms, and in the two to three days afterwards.

Wearing masks, particularly indoors, can help reduce the gamble that someone who is infected merely not yet experiencing symptoms may unknowingly infect others.

Tin people without symptoms spread the virus to others?

"Without symptoms" tin refer to two groups of people: those who eventually exercise have symptoms (pre-symptomatic) and those who never go on to have symptoms (asymptomatic). During this pandemic, we have seen that people without symptoms can spread the coronavirus infection to others.

A person with COVID-nineteen may be contagious 48 hours before starting to experience symptoms. In fact, people without symptoms may exist more likely to spread the illness, because they are unlikely to exist isolating and may not adopt behaviors designed to prevent spread.

But what about people who never go on to develop symptoms? A study published inJAMA Network Open found that almost one out of every four infections may exist transmitted by individuals with asymptomatic infections. The proportion of asymptomatic transmission appears to be even higher with the Omicron variant.

Getting vaccinated and boosted once you are eligible is of import for protecting non but yourself but others as well; bear witness suggests that you're less probable to infect others, or may be contagious for a shorter catamenia of fourth dimension, once you've been vaccinated.

For how long after I am infected will I continue to be contagious? At what signal in my illness will I be most contagious?

People are thought to be nigh contagious early on in the course of their affliction. With Omicron, most manual appears to occur during the one to 2 days earlier onset of symptoms, and in the two to three days subsequently. People with no symptoms can also spread the coronavirus to others.

By the 10th day after COVID symptoms brainstorm, well-nigh people will no longer exist contagious, equally long every bit their symptoms have continued to improve and their fever has resolved. People who test positive for the virus but never develop symptoms over the following 10 days after testing are also probably no longer contagious.

The CDC's isolation guidelines, updated in December 2021, reflect this knowledge. Co-ordinate to the guidelines, everyone who tests positive for COVID-19 should

isolate at domicile for five days
if you lot have no symptoms or your symptoms are improving after 5 days, you lot can discontinue isolation and leave your home
continue to wear a mask around others for five additional days.

If yous have a fever, continue to isolate at home until yous no longer accept a fever.

I'm vaccinated but got a breakthrough COVID infection. Can I still spread the infection to others?

Yep, you tin can. That's why the CDC recommends that anybody who tests positive for COVID-19 should isolate from others for at least five days, regardless of their vaccination condition.

How tin I protect myself while caring for someone that may have COVID-nineteen?

Y'all should take many of the same precautions as you would if you lot were caring for someone with the flu:

Stay in some other room or be separated from the person equally much as possible. Use a separate bedroom and bathroom, if available.
Make sure that shared spaces in the habitation have good air flow. If possible, open up a window.
Wash your hands often with soap and water for at to the lowest degree xx seconds or utilize an alcohol-based mitt sanitizer that contains 60 to 95% booze, covering all surfaces of your hands and rubbing them together until they feel dry out. Apply soap and h2o if your easily are visibly dirty.
Avert touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.
You and the person should wear a face up mask if you are in the same room.
Wear a disposable face mask and gloves when you lot touch or have contact with the person's blood, stool, or body fluids, such as saliva, sputum, nasal fungus, vomit, urine.
- Throw out dispensable face masks and gloves afterwards using them. Exercise non reuse.
- First remove and throw away gloves. Then, immediately clean your easily with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Next, remove and throw away the face mask, and immediately clean your easily again with soap and water or alcohol-based manus sanitizer.
Practice not share household items such every bit dishes, drinking spectacles, cups, eating utensils, towels, bedding, or other items with the person who is sick. Subsequently the person uses these items, wash them thoroughly.
Clean all "loftier-touch" surfaces, such as counters, tabletops, doorknobs, bathroom fixtures, toilets, phones, keyboards, tablets, and bedside tables, every twenty-four hours. Also, clean any surfaces that may accept blood, stool, or body fluids on them. Utilise a household cleaning spray or wipe.
- Launder laundry thoroughly.
- Immediately remove and launder clothes or bedding that have blood, stool, or body fluids on them.
Wear dispensable gloves while handling soiled items and keep soiled items away from your body. Clean your hands immediately later on removing your gloves.
Identify all used disposable gloves, face masks, and other contaminated items in a lined container before disposing of them with other household waste material. Make clean your hands (with soap and water or an booze-based hand sanitizer) immediately after handling these items.

Can people infect pets with the COVID-19 virus?

The virus that causes COVID-19 does appear to spread from people to pets, according to the FDA, though this is uncommon. Research has found that cats and ferrets are more likely to become infected than dogs.

If y'all get ill with COVID-xix, it's best to restrict contact with your pets, merely like you would effectually other people. This means you should forgo petting, snuggling, beingness kissed or licked, and sharing nutrient or bedding with your pet until you are feeling better. When possible, have another fellow member of your household care for your pets while you are ill. If you must care for your pet while you are ill, wash your hands before and after yous collaborate with your pets and wear a confront mask.

At present, it is considered unlikely that pets can spread the COVID-19 virus to humans. Even so, pets can spread other infections that crusade illness, includingE. coli and Salmonella, and then wash your easily thoroughly with soap and water after interacting with your animate being companions.

Long Term Furnishings of COVID-nineteen

I had COVID-19 a few months ago. Am I at increased hazard for health problems in the hereafter?

It does appear that people who recover from COVID-19 have an increased risk of developing other medical conditions, at least in the short term.

One report, published inThe BMJ, collected laboratory examination and hospital admissions data from a wellness plan in the The states. The researchers compared data from more 190,000 adults, ages eighteen to 65 years, who tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus in 2020, to data from a command group that was nerveless in 2019, before the pandemic. The researchers followed the participants for six months after they tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and recorded whatever new health complications.

They found that fourteen% of people who had had COVID-xix developed a new medical issue during the post-obit six months; this was nearly 5% higher than the pre-pandemic control group, a significant difference. New medical bug affected a range of body systems and included respiratory failure, abnormal heart rhythms, diabetes, neurological problems, and liver and kidney issues. Increased take chances was seen in younger, previously salubrious people, but was higher in older people and those with pre-existing medical problems.

Another written report, published inNature, compared the health records of more than 73,000 users of the Veteran's Health Administration (VHA) who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 but were never hospitalized, to those of nearly five one thousand thousand other VHA users who never tested positive for COVID-19 and were never hospitalized. For six months following the first 30 days after infection, people who had had COVID-19 were significantly more likely to die or to experience a medical or mental health problem that they had never had before.

These studies provide yet some other reason to get vaccinated and boosted if you are eligible.

Who are long-haulers? And what is post-viral syndrome?

Long haulers are people who accept not fully recovered from COVID-19 weeks or even months later get-go experiencing symptoms. Some long haulers feel continuous symptoms for weeks or months, while others experience better for weeks, so relapse with old or new symptoms. The constellation of symptoms long haulers experience, sometimes called post-COVID-19 syndrome or postal service-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), is not unique to this infection. Other infections, such every bit Lyme disease, tin cause similar long-lasting symptoms.

Emerging research may help predict who will become a long hauler. One written report plant that COVID-xix patients who experienced more than five symptoms during their first week of affliction were significantly more probable to go long haulers. Certain symptoms — fatigue, headache, difficulty breathing, a hoarse voice, and musculus or trunk aches — experienced solitary or in combination during the first week of illness too increased the chances of becoming a long hauler, as did increasing age and higher body mass index (BMI).

Though these factors may increase the likelihood of long-term symptoms, anyone can become a long hauler. Many long haulers initially have mild to moderate symptoms — or no symptoms at all — and do non require hospitalization. Previously healthy young adults, not just older adults with circumstantial medical conditions, are too experiencing post-COVID-19 syndrome.

Symptoms of mail-COVID-nineteen syndrome, like symptoms of COVID-nineteen itself, can vary widely. Some of the more common lasting symptoms include fatigue, worsening of symptoms after physical or mental activeness, encephalon fog, shortness of breath, chills, trunk ache, headache, joint pain, chest hurting, cough, and lingering loss of taste or odor. Many long haulers report cerebral dysfunction or memory loss that affects their day-to-mean solar day ability to practise things like make decisions, accept conversations, follow instructions, and drive. The common thread is that long haulers oasis't returned to their pre-COVID health, and ongoing symptoms are negatively affecting their quality of life. A systematic review published in JAMA Network Open reported that more than half of people infected with COVID-nineteen continued to experience at least one symptom half dozen months after their diagnosis.

At that place's already some speculation, just no definite answers, well-nigh what is causing these ongoing symptoms. Some researchers suspect that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers long-lasting changes in the immune system. Others advise that information technology triggers autonomic nervous system dysregulation, which tin can impact heart rate, claret pressure, and sweating, amidst other things.

Blog posts:

Could COVID-xix infection be responsible for your depressed mood or anxiety?
What is COVID-xix brain fog — and how can you clear information technology?
The tragedy of the post-COVID "long haulers"
The hidden long-term cerebral furnishings of COVID
Which test is all-time for COVID-nineteen?
Allergies? Common cold? Flu? Or COVID-19?

Podcast:

You recollect yous've got COVID-19. Here'due south what y'all demand to do (recorded 4/x/xx)

We asked Dr. Mallika Marshall, medical reporter for CBS-chapter WBZ TV in Boston and an instructor at Harvard Medical School, how nosotros should react when we commencement to experience a dry coughing or perhaps spike a fever. Who do yous call? How practise you protect your family? When does it brand sense to move toward an emergency department, and how should we prepare? Dr. Marshall is the host of Harvard Wellness Publishing's online course series, and an urgent intendance physician at Mass General Hospital.

Visit our Coronavirus Resources Middle for more than information on coronavirus and COVID-19.

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Every bit a service to our readers, Harvard Wellness Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Please note the date of terminal review or update on all articles. No content on this site, regardless of appointment, should ever be used as a substitute for straight medical advice from your doc or other qualified clinician.

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Source: https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/if-youve-been-exposed-to-the-coronavirus